First Immune GcMAF

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GCMAF Research

GcMAF research papers

There are 46 major GcMAF research papers by over 100 eminent scientists published on the American Government's Pubmed system alone.

You can find them yourself at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed search on GcMAF and "vitamin D binding protein macrophage activating factor"

Professor Ruggiero's team of ten professors, doctors, and scientists at the University of Florence have kindly done their research below using our own GcMAF.

1. Effects of Vitamin D-binding Protein-derived Macrophage-activating Factor on Human Breast Cancer Cells.

Pacini S, Punzi T, Morucci G, Gulisano M, Ruggiero M.

Anticancer Res. 2012 Jan;32(1):45-52.

PMID: 22213287 [PubMed - in process] Related citations

2. Effect of paricalcitol and GcMAF on angiogenesis and human peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation and signaling.

Pacini S, Morucci G, Punzi T, Gulisano M, Ruggiero M, Amato M, Aterini S.

J Nephrol. 2011 Sep 26:0. doi: 10.5301/jn.5000035. [Epub ahead of print]

PMID: 21956771 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related citations

3. Effect of the Gc-derived macrophage-activating factor precursor (preGcMAF) on phagocytic activation of mouse peritoneal macrophages.

Uto Y, Yamamoto S, Takeuchi R, Nakagawa Y, Hirota K, Terada H, Onizuka S, Nakata E, Hori H.

Anticancer Res. 2011 Jul;31(7):2489-92.

PMID: 21873164 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations

4. Phenotype of Gc-globulin influences the macrophage activating factor (MAF) levels in serum.

Debruyne E, Speeckaert M, Weygaerde YV, Delanghe J.

Clin Chem Lab Med. 2011 Nov;49(11):1855-60. Epub 2011 Aug 23.

PMID: 21859424 [PubMed - in process] Related citations

5. Gc protein-derived macrophage-activating factor (GcMAF) stimulates cAMP formation in human mononuclear cells and inhibits angiogenesis in chick embryo chorionallantoic membrane assay.

Pacini S, Morucci G, Punzi T, Gulisano M, Ruggiero M.

Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2011 Apr;60(4):479-85. Epub 2010 Dec 14.

PMID: 21170647 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations

6. Vitamin D binding protein-macrophage activating factor directly inhibits proliferation, migration, and uPAR expression of prostate cancer cells.

Gregory KJ, Zhao B, Bielenberg DR, Dridi S, Wu J, Jiang W, Huang B, Pirie-Shepherd S, Fannon M.

PLoS One. 2010 Oct 18;5(10):e13428.

PMID: 20976141 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article Related citations

7. Vitamin D Binding Protein-Macrophage Activating Factor Inhibits HCC in SCID Mice.

Nonaka K, Onizuka S, Ishibashi H, Uto Y, Hori H, Nakayama T, Matsuura N, Kanematsu T, Fujioka H.

J Surg Res. 2012 Jan;172(1):116-22. Epub 2010 Sep 17.

PMID: 20855083 [PubMed - in process] Related citations

8. The glycosylation and characterization of the candidate Gc macrophage activating factor.

Ravnsborg T, Olsen DT, Thysen AH, Christiansen M, Houen G, Højrup P.

Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010 Apr;1804(4):909-17. Epub 2010 Jan 13.

PMID: 20079467 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations

9. Glycosylation status of vitamin D binding protein in cancer patients.

Rehder DS, Nelson RW, Borges CR.

Protein Sci. 2009 Oct;18(10):2036-42.

PMID: 19642159 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article Related citations

10. Vitamin D binding protein genotype and osteoporosis.

Fang Y, van Meurs JB, Arp P, van Leeuwen JP, Hofman A, Pols HA, Uitterlinden AG.

Calcif Tissue Int. 2009 Aug;85(2):85-93. Epub 2009 Jun 2.

PMID: 19488670 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article Related citations

11. Immunotherapy of HIV-infected patients with Gc protein-derived macrophage activating factor (GcMAF).

Yamamoto N, Ushijima N, Koga Y.

J Med Virol. 2009 Jan;81(1):16-26.

PMID: 19031451 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations

12. Immunotherapy for Prostate Cancer with Gc Protein-Derived Macrophage-Activating Factor, GcMAF.

Yamamoto N, Suyama H, Yamamoto N.

Transl Oncol. 2008 Jul;1(2):65-72.

PMID: 18633461 [PubMed] Free PMC Article Related citations

13. Modulation of protein stability by O-glycosylation in a designed Gc-MAF analog.

Spiriti J, Bogani F, van der Vaart A, Ghirlanda G.

Biophys Chem. 2008 May;134(3):157-67. Epub 2008 Feb 21.

PMID: 18329161 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations

14. Immunotherapy of metastatic colorectal cancer with vitamin D-binding protein-derived macrophage-activating factor, GcMAF.

Yamamoto N, Suyama H, Nakazato H, Yamamoto N, Koga Y.

Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2008 Jul;57(7):1007-16.

PMID: 18058096 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations

15. Immunotherapy of metastatic breast cancer patients with vitamin D-binding protein-derived macrophage activating factor (GcMAF).

Yamamoto N, Suyama H, Yamamoto N, Ushijima N.

Int J Cancer. 2008 Jan 15;122(2):461-7.

PMID: 17935130 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations

16. A designed glycoprotein analogue of Gc-MAF exhibits native-like phagocytic activity.

Bogani F, McConnell E, Joshi L, Chang Y, Ghirlanda G.

J Am Chem Soc. 2006 Jun 7;128(22):7142-3.

PMID: 16734450 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations

17. Inhibition of angiogenesis by vitamin D-binding protein: characterization of anti-endothelial activity of DBP-maf.

Kalkunte S, Brard L, Granai CO, Swamy N.

Angiogenesis. 2005;8(4):349-60. Epub 2006 Jan 7.

PMID: 16400520 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations

18. Gc protein (vitamin D-binding protein): Gc genotyping and GcMAF precursor activity.

Nagasawa H, Uto Y, Sasaki H, Okamura N, Murakami A, Kubo S, Kirk KL, Hori H.

Anticancer Res. 2005 Nov-Dec;25(6A):3689-95. Review.

PMID: 16302727 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations

19. Association of the macrophage activating factor (MAF) precursor activity with polymorphism in vitamin D-binding protein.

Nagasawa H, Sasaki H, Uto Y, Kubo S, Hori H.

Anticancer Res. 2004 Sep-Oct;24(5C):3361-6.

PMID: 15515432 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations

20. Female premenopausal fracture risk is associated with gc phenotype.

Lauridsen AL, Vestergaard P, Hermann AP, Moller HJ, Mosekilde L, Nexo E.

J Bone Miner Res. 2004 Jun;19(6):875-81. Epub 2004 Jan 27.

PMID: 15125786 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations

21. Pancreatic carcinogenesis: apoptosis and angiogenesis.

Onizuka S, Kawakami S, Taniguchi K, Fujioka H, Miyashita K.

Pancreas. 2004 Apr;28(3):317-9.

PMID: 15084979 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations

22. Effect of salivary gland adenocarcinoma cell-derived alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase on the bioactivity of macrophage activating factor.

Matsuura T, Uematsu T, Yamaoka M, Furusawa K.

Int J Oncol. 2004 Mar;24(3):521-8.

PMID: 14767536 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations

23. The anabolic effects of vitamin D-binding protein-macrophage activating factor (DBP-MAF) and a novel small peptide on bone.

Schneider GB, Grecco KJ, Safadi FF, Popoff SN.

Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr. 2003;13(2-4):277-84.

PMID: 14696974 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations

24. Gc protein-derived macrophage activating factor (GcMAF): isoelectric focusing pattern and tumoricidal activity.

Mohamad SB, Nagasawa H, Sasaki H, Uto Y, Nakagawa Y, Kawashima K, Hori H.

Anticancer Res. 2003 Nov-Dec;23(6a):4451-7.

PMID: 14666733 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations

25. Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway mediates DBP-maf-induced apoptosis in RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Gumireddy K, Reddy CD, Swamy N.

J Cell Biochem. 2003 Sep 1;90(1):87-96.

PMID: 12938159 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations

26. Vitamin D binding protein-macrophage activating factor (DBP-maf) inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth in mice.

Kisker O, Onizuka S, Becker CM, Fannon M, Flynn E, D'Amato R, Zetter B, Folkman J, Ray R, Swamy N, Pirie-Shepherd S.

Neoplasia. 2003 Jan-Feb;5(1):32-40.

PMID: 12659668 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Free PMC Article Related citations

27. Characterization of human Gc protein-derived macrophage activation factor (GcMAF) and its functional role in macrophage tumoricidal activity.

Mohamad SB, Hori H, Nagasawa H, Usui K, Uto Y.

Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;510:77-82. No abstract available.

PMID: 12580408 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations

28. Preparation of Gc protein-derived macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) and its structural characterization and biological activities.

Mohamad SB, Nagasawa H, Uto Y, Hori H.

Anticancer Res. 2002 Nov-Dec;22(6C):4297-300.

PMID: 12553073 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations

29. Effects of vitamin D(3)-binding protein-derived macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) on angiogenesis.

Kanda S, Mochizuki Y, Miyata Y, Kanetake H, Yamamoto N.

J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002 Sep 4;94(17):1311-9.

PMID: 12208896 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free Article Related citations

30. Tumor cell alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity and its involvement in GcMAF-related macrophage activation.

Mohamad SB, Nagasawa H, Uto Y, Hori H.

Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2002 May;132(1):1-8.

PMID: 12062184 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations

31. Baculovirus-expressed vitamin D-binding protein-macrophage activating factor (DBP-maf) activates osteoclasts and binding of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) does not influence this activity.

Swamy N, Ghosh S, Schneider GB, Ray R.

J Cell Biochem. 2001;81(3):535-46.

PMID: 11255236 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations

32. Lectin immunoassay for macrophage-activating factor (Gc-MAF) produced by deglycosylation of Gc-globulin: evidence for noninducible generation of Gc-MAF.

Kanan RM, Cook DB, Datta HK.

Clin Chem. 2000 Mar;46(3):412-4. No abstract available.

PMID: 10702530 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free Article Related citations

33. The toothless osteopetrotic rat has a normal vitamin D-binding protein-macrophage activating factor (DBP-MAF) cascade and chondrodysplasia resistant to treatments with colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and/or DBP-MAF.

Odgren PR, Popoff SN, Safadi FF, MacKay CA, Mason-Savas A, Seifert MF, Marks SC Jr.

Bone. 1999 Aug;25(2):175-81. PMID: 10456382 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

34. Evidence for continuous basel generation of GC-MAF: absence in infantile osteopetrosis and restoration after bone marrow transplant.

Datta HK, Cook DB, Kanan RM.

Blood. 1999 Jun 1;93(11):4026-7. No abstract available.

PMID: 10383196 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free Article Related citations

35. Antitumor effect of vitamin D-binding protein-derived macrophage activating factor on Ehrlich ascites tumor-bearing mice.

Koga Y, Naraparaju VR, Yamamoto N.

Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1999 Jan;220(1):20-6.

PMID: 9893164 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations

36. A possible new role for vitamin D-binding protein in osteoclast control: inhibition of extracellular Ca2+ sensing at low physiological concentrations.

Adebanjo OA, Moonga BS, Haddad JG, Huang CL, Zaidi M.

Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 Aug 28;249(3):668-71.

PMID: 9731194 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations

37. Structurally well-defined macrophage activating factor derived from vitamin D3-binding protein has a potent adjuvant activity for immunization.

Yamamoto N, Naraparaju VR.

Immunol Cell Biol. 1998 Jun;76(3):237-44.

PMID: 9682967 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free Article Related citations

38. Immunotherapy of BALB/c mice bearing Ehrlich ascites tumor with vitamin D-binding protein-derived macrophage activating factor.

Yamamoto N, Naraparaju VR.

Cancer Res. 1997 Jun 1;57(11):2187-92.

PMID: 9187119 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free Article Related citations

39. Deglycosylation of serum vitamin D3-binding protein by alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase detected in the plasma of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Yamamoto N, Naraparaju VR, Moore M, Brent LH.

Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1997 Mar;82(3):290-8.

PMID: 9073553 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations

40. Macrophage-directed immunotherapy as adjuvant to photodynamic therapy of cancer.

Korbelik M, Naraparaju VR, Yamamoto N.

Br J Cancer. 1997;75(2):202-7.

PMID: 9010027 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article

41. The effects of vitamin D binding protein-macrophage activating factor and colony-stimulating factor-1 on hematopoietic cells in normal and osteopetrotic rats.

Benis KA, Schneider GB.

Blood. 1996 Oct 15;88(8):2898-905.

PMID: 8874186 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free Article Related citations

42. Structural definition of a potent macrophage activating factor derived from vitamin D3-binding protein with adjuvant activity for antibody production.

Yamamoto N.

Mol Immunol. 1996 Oct;33(15):1157-64.

PMID: 9070663 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations

43. Deglycosylation of serum vitamin D3-binding protein leads to immunosuppression in cancer patients.

Yamamoto N, Naraparaju VR, Asbell SO.

Cancer Res. 1996 Jun 15;56(12):2827-31. PMID: 8665521 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

44. Structural modification of serum vitamin D3-binding protein and immunosuppression in AIDS patients.

Yamamoto N, Naraparaju VR, Srinivasula SM.

AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1995 Nov;11(11):1373-8.

PMID: 8573395 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations

45. Effects of vitamin D binding protein-macrophage activating factor (DBP-MAF) infusion on bone resorption in two osteopetrotic mutations.

Schneider GB, Benis KA, Flay NW, Ireland RA, Popoff SN.

Bone. 1995 Jun;16(6):657-62.

PMID: 7669443 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations

46. A defect in the inflammation-primed macrophage-activation cascade in osteopetrotic rats.

Yamamoto N, Lindsay DD, Naraparaju VR, Ireland RA, Popoff SN.

J Immunol. 1994 May 15;152(10):5100-7.

PMID:

8176226 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations

David Noakes  1st February 2012

 

Professor Ruggiero' poster at the ICAR HIV conference

Professor Ruggiero's team's publication at the Florence ICAR HIV Conference 27th March 2011. Note the Aid's cure in the yellow box top left. She was unable to finish the full 26 week course because we didn't have any more GcMAF at the time. Published at the Florence HIV Conference 27th March 2011Published at the Florence HIV Conference 27th March 2011

 

 

Metastatic breast cancer patients and GcMAF

"Immunotherapy of metastatic breast cancer patients with vitamin D-binding protein-derived macrophage activating factor (GcMAF)"

Serum vitamin D3-binding protein (Gc protein) is the precursor for the principal macrophage activating factor (MAF). The MAF precursor activity of serum Gc protein of breast cancer patients was lost or reduced because Gc protein was deglycosylated by serum -N-acetylgalactosaminidase (Nagalase) secreted from cancerous cells. Patient serum Nagalase activity is proportional to tumor burden. The deglycosylated Gc protein cannot be converted to MAF, resulting in no macrophage activation and immunosuppression. Stepwise incubation of purified Gc protein with immobilized -galactosidase and sialidase generated probably the most potent macrophage activating factor (termed GcMAF) ever discovered, which produces no adverse effect in humans. Macrophages treated in vitro with GcMAF (100 pg/ml) are highly tumoricidal to mammary adenocarcinomas. Efficacy of GcMAF for treatment of metastatic breast cancer was investigated with 16 nonanemic patients who received weekly administration of GcMAF (100 ng). As GcMAF therapy progresses, the MAF precursor activity of patient Gc protein increased with a concomitant decrease in serum Nagalase. Because of proportionality of serum Nagalase activity to tumor burden, the time course progress of GcMAF therapy was assessed by serum Nagalase activity as a prognostic index. 

These patients had the initial Nagalase activities ranging from 2.32 to 6.28 nmole/min/mg protein. After about 16-22 administrations (approximately 3.5-5 months) of GcMAF, these patients had insignificantly low serum enzyme levels equivalent to healthy control enzyme levels, ranging from 0.38 to 0.63 nmole/min/mg protein, indicating eradication of the tumors. This therapeutic procedure resulted in no recurrence for more than 4 years.

© 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Immunotherapy of metastatic breast cancer patients with vitamin D-binding protein-derived macrophage activating factor (GcMAF)
Nobuto Yamamoto, Hirofumi Suyama, Nobuyuki Yamamoto, Naofumi Ushijima
1Division of Cancer Immunology and Molecular Biology, Socrates Institute for Therapeutic Immunology, Philadelphia, PA 19126-3305
2Nagasaki Immunotherapy Research Group, Nagasaki, Japan 850-806
email: Nobuto Yamamoto ()
*Correspondence to Nobuto Yamamoto, Division of Cancer and Molecular Immunology, Socrates Institute for Therapeutic Immunology, 1040 66th Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19126-3305, USA
Fax: +215-424-1850

Funded by:
US Public Health Service; Grant Number: AI-32140
Elsa U. Pardee Foundation

Keywords:

macrophage activating factor • tumoricidal • immunotherapy • deglycosylation • -N-acetylgalactosaminidase

Received: 29 March 2007; Accepted: 27 July 2007

10.1002/ijc.23107  About DOI

Source: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/116330149/abstract
PDF http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/116330149/PDFSTART

pdf-iconpdf-icon

 

Prostate, Breast, Colon Cancer and Adult Leukemia Patients on GcMAF.

Therapeutic Effect of GcMAF on Prostate, Breast and Colon Cancer and Adult Leukemia Patients.

The administration of GcMAF (100 and 500 ng/human) to healthy volunteers resulted in the greatly enhanced activation of macrophages as measured by the 7-fold enhanced phagocytic capacity and the 15-fold superoxide generating capacity of macrophages. The administration of GcMAF showed no signs of any side effects to the recipients.

Administration of various doses (100 pg to 10 ng/mouse) to a number of mice produced neither ill effects nor histological changes in various organs including liver, lung, kidney, spleen, brain, etc. When patients with various types of cancer were treated with GcMAF (100 ng/week), remarkable curative effects on various types of cancer were observed. The therapeutic efficacy of GcMAF on patients bearing various types of cancers was assessed by tumor specific serum ?-N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity because the serum enzyme level is proportional to the total amount of cancerous cells (tumor burden).

Curative effects of GcMAF on prostate, breast and colon cancer and leukemia are illustrated in FIGS. 8A to 8 D. After 25 weekly administrations of 100 ng GcMAF the majority (>90%) of prostate and breast cancer patients exhibited insignificantly low levels of the serum enzyme.

A similar result was also observed after 35 GcMAF administrations to colon cancer patients. Similar curative effects of GcMAF on lung, liver, stomach, brain, bladder, kidney, uterus, ovarian, larynx, esophagus, oral and skin cancers were observed. Thus, GcMAF appeared to be effective on a variety of cancers indiscriminately.

However, GcMAF showed no evidence of side effects in patients after more than 6 months of therapy. This was also confirmed by blood cell counts profile, liver and kidney functions, etc.  

This Patent was filed in 1996. Source:  http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6410269.html

 

HIV patients and GcMAF

"Immunotherapy of HIV-infected patients with Gc protein-derived macrophage activating factor (GcMAF)"

Serum Gc protein (known as vitamin D3-binding protein) is the precursor for the principal macrophage activating factor (MAF). The MAF precursor activity of serum Gc protein of HIV-infected patients was lost or reduced because Gc protein is deglycosylated by -N-acetylgalactosaminidase (Nagalase) secreted from HIV-infected cells. Therefore, macrophages of HIV-infected patients having deglycosylated Gc protein cannot be activated, leading to immunosuppression. 

Since Nagalase is the intrinsic component of the envelope protein gp120, serum Nagalase activity is the sum of enzyme activities carried by both HIV virions and envelope proteins. These Nagalase carriers were already complexed with anti-HIV immunoglobulin G (IgG) but retained Nagalase activity that is required for infectivity. 

Stepwise treatment of purified Gc protein with immobilized -galactosidase and sialidase generated the most potent macrophage activating factor (termed GcMAF), which produces no side effects in humans. Macrophages activated by administration of 100 ng GcMAF develop a large amount of Fc-receptors as well as an enormous variation of receptors that recognize IgG-bound and unbound HIV virions. 

Since latently HIV-infected cells are unstable and constantly release HIV virions, the activated macrophages rapidly intercept the released HIV virions to prevent reinfection resulting in exhaustion of infected cells. 

After less than 18 weekly administrations of 100 ng GcMAF for nonanemic patients, they exhibited low serum Nagalase activities equivalent to healthy controls, indicating eradication of HIV-infection, which was also confirmed by no infectious center formation by provirus inducing agent-treated patient PBMCs. No recurrence occurred and their healthy CD + cell counts were maintained for 7 years. J. Med. Virol. 81:16-26, 2009.
 

Prostate Cancer and GcMAF

Immunotherapy for Prostate Cancer with Gc Protein-Derived Macrophage-Activating Factor, GcMAF

Serum Gc protein (known as vitamin D(3)-binding protein) is the precursor for the principal macrophage-activating factor (MAF). The MAF precursor activity of serum Gc protein of prostate cancer patients was lost or reduced because Gc protein was deglycosylated by serum alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (Nagalase) secreted from cancerous cells.

Therefore, macrophages of prostate cancer patients having deglycosylated Gc protein cannot be activated, leading to immunosuppression. Stepwise treatment of purified Gc protein with immobilized beta-galactosidase and sialidase generated the most potent MAF (termed GcMAF) ever discovered, which produces no adverse effect in humans.

Macrophages activated by GcMAF develop a considerable variation of receptors that recognize the abnormality in malignant cell surface and are highly tumoricidal. Sixteen nonanemic prostate cancer patients received weekly administration of 100 ng of GcMAF. As the MAF precursor activity increased, their serum Nagalase activity decreased. Because serum Nagalase activity is proportional to tumor burden, the entire time course analysis for GcMAF therapy was monitored by measuring the serum Nagalase activity.

After 14 to 25 weekly administrations of GcMAF (100 ng/week), all 16 patients had very low serum Nagalase levels equivalent to those of healthy control values, indicating that these patients are tumor-free. No recurrence occurred for 7 years.

 

Metastatic colorectal cancer and GcMAF

Immunotherapy of metastatic colorectal cancer with vitamin D-binding protein-derived macrophage-activating factor, GcMAF

Serum vitamin D binding protein (Gc protein) is the precursor for the principal macrophage-activating factor (MAF). The MAF precursor activity of serum Gc protein of colorectal cancer patients was lost or reduced because Gc protein is deglycosylated by serum alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (Nagalase) secreted from cancerous cells. Deglycosylated Gc protein cannot be converted to MAF, leading to immunosuppression.

Stepwise treatment of purified Gc protein with immobilized beta-galactosidase and sialidase generated the most potent macrophage-activating factor (GcMAF) ever discovered, but it produces no side effect in humans. Macrophages treated with GcMAF (100 microg/ml) develop an enormous variation of receptors and are highly tumoricidal to a variety of cancers indiscriminately.

Administration of 100 nanogram (ng)/ human maximally activates systemic macrophages that can kill cancerous cells. Since the half-life of the activated macrophages is approximately 6 days, 100 ng GcMAF was administered weekly to eight nonanemic colorectal cancer patients who had previously received tumor-resection but still carried significant amounts of metastatic tumor cells.

As GcMAF therapy progressed, the MAF precursor activities of all patients increased and conversely their serum Nagalase activities decreased. Since serum Nagalase is proportional to tumor burden, serum Nagalase activity was used as a prognostic index for time course analysis of GcMAF therapy. After 32-50 weekly administrations of 100 ng GcMAF, all colorectal cancer patients exhibited healthy control levels of the serum Nagalase activity, indicating eradication of metastatic tumor cells.

During 7 years after the completion of GcMAF therapy, their serum Nagalase activity did not increase, indicating no recurrence of cancer, which was also supported by the annual CT scans of these patients.

 

IRIS (HIV) resisting GcMAF's immune system rebuild

hiv_buddinghiv_budding

At http://gcmaf.eu we have specialised in terminal cancer, but had two people with AIDS. GcMAF initially sent all their readings through the floor; it was quite frightening and we stopped supplying GcMAF to people with AIDS. It turned out there is a disease called IRIS that attacks the immune system the moment it tries to repair itself. After nearly 10 weeks the GcMAF appears to have overcome that, and they have now made sufficiently good progress that they are to be the subject of a research article published in April.

Nov. 10, 2010 NIH Scientists Unveil Mechanisms of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome

Newly published research by scientists at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, part of the National Institutes of Health, sheds light on a poorly understood, acute illness called Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) that develops in some HIV-infected individuals soon after they begin antiretroviral therapy.

IRIS affects certain HIV-infected individuals whose immune systems are heavily damaged by the virus and who have a treated or undiagnosed AIDS-associated infection. When these individuals start antiretroviral therapy and their immune cells begin to regenerate, the immune system unexpectedly produces an exaggerated response that unmasks or worsens the symptoms of the co-infection. (We have seen these vastly worsend symptoms with GcMAF for 10 weeks, then superb recoveries)

IRIS has become a notable challenge in treating HIV disease, particularly in resource-limited settings. The scientists hope that better understanding how and why the syndrome occurs will lead to targeted prevention or therapy. To find immunologic patterns that distinguish individuals who develop IRIS from those who do not, the researchers analyzed blood samples from HIV-infected individuals, focusing their analysis on a group of immune cells called T lymphocytes. Most of the studied patients had an AIDS-associated fungal, viral or bacterial infection before they started antiretroviral therapy.

The analysis showed that the individuals who developed IRIS had a higher proportion of activated T cells before starting antiretroviral therapy compared with those who did not develop IRIS.

These activated T cells had the propensity to make a key infection-fighting molecule called interferon gamma both before therapy began and during IRIS episodes, suggesting that the cells may participate in the exaggerated immune response seen during IRIS.

In addition, the surface markers expressed by the T cells—some with a stimulatory effect and some restraining in nature—suggested they were highly activated as a result of an encounter with the microbes co-infecting the HIV-infected individuals.

A companion study describes a new animal model that can be used to directly analyze the immunologic mechanisms that cause IRIS. This model employs mice infected with Mycobacterium avium, a pathogen frequently seen in HIV-infected individuals who develop IRIS. To mimic the immunologic condition of IRIS-susceptible HIV-infected individuals, the researchers began with mycobacterium-infected mice that had extremely low numbers of T cells. The scientists found that rebuilding the population of T cells in these mice, as usually occurs during antiretroviral therapy in humans, triggered an IRIS-like disease.

In addition, the researchers observed that interferon-gamma production by the repopulating T cells in the mice clearly facilitated the development of experimentally induced IRIS. The study also implicated a type of immune cell known as a macrophage in sparking IRIS in the mice.

ARTICLES:LRV Antonelli et al. Elevated frequencies of highly activated CD4+ T cells in HIV+ patients developing immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Blood DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-05-285080 (2010). DL Barber et al. Th1-driven immune reconstitution disease in Mycobacterium avium-infected mice. Blood DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-05-286336 (2010). WHO:?Irini Sereti, M.D., M.H.S., a clinical investigator in the NIAID Laboratory of Immunoregulation, and Daniel Barber, Ph.D., a postdoctoral fellow in the NIAID Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, are available to discuss the research. CONTACT:To schedule interviews, please contact Laura Sivitz Leifman, 301-402-1663, [email protected].

 

Treatment of Cancer Patients With GcMAF Rapidly Eradicates Cancerous Cells

Treatment of Cancer Patients With Vitamin D-Binding Protein-derived Macrophage Activating Factor (GcMAF) Rapidly Eradicates Cancerous Cells

Journal of Immunotherapy:
November/December 2006 - Volume 29 - Issue 6 - pp 677-678
doi: 10.1097/01.cji.0000211343.73588.59
Abstracts: New Agents in Targeted Therapies

http://journals.lww.com/immunotherapy-journal/Citation/2006/11000/Treatment_of_Cancer_Patients_With_Vitamin.167.aspx
 

Osteoporosis, arthritis, periodontal disease with GcMAF

Treatment of osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease with GcMAF. 25.7.1994

Bone resorption by osteoclast cells is promoted by activated vitamin D-binding factor (GcMAF), thereby providing an effective treatment for osteopetrosis. Conversely, inflammation-mediated bone loss is inhibited with antibody against the activated factor, providing a treatment for inflammation-mediated osteolytic diseases such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease. The antibodies are further utilized in an antigen binding assay for diagnosing inflammation-mediated bone loss.

Popoff, Steven N. (Warrington, PA) Schneider, Gary B. (Gurnee, IL)

Full patent: 5641747 Arthritis&GcMAF.pdf

http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5641747.html

 

 

Alleles of GcProtein

Ethnic variation in vitamin D-binding protein (GC): a review of isoelectric focusing studies in human populations

M. I. Kamboh and R. E. Ferrell

Department of Biostatistics, Human Genetics Program, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA

Summary. Since the discovery in 1977 that the GC1 gene could be resolved into two common subcomponents on an isoelectric focusing (IEF) gel, a large number of ethnic groups have been screened to analyze the extent of genetic variation in human populations. Using the IEF technique, approxi- mately 50,000 individuals from 160 different populations have been tested for the GC polymorphism. A marked variation in common GC suballele frequencies in different geographic areas seems to correlate with skin pigmentation and intensity of sun light. Pigmented (black) and keratinized (yellowish) skin type populations have a relatively high frequency of the GC*IF allele as compared to white skin populations. By com- parison non-pigmented and non-keratinized white skin popu- lations are generally characterized by having the maximum values of the GC*IS allele. The anthropologic significance of the GC locus has been enhanced further by detecting addi- tional unique GC variants which provide useful information about evolutionary links between different populations. How- ever, the presence of some electrophoretically identical unique variants in genetically and geographically distinct populations demand further investigation of these allelic var- iants to shed more light on their origins.

Ethnic_variation_in_gcprotein.pdf

 

 

GcMAF isoelectric focusing pattern and tumoricidal activity

BACKGROUND: Gc protein is the precursor for Gc protein-derived macrophage activating factor (GcMAF), with three phenotypes: Gc1f, Gc1s and Gc2, based on its electrophoretic mobility. The difference in electrophoretic mobility is because of the difference in its posttranslational sugar moiety composition.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We compared the difference between Gc protein and GcMAF electrophoretic mobility using the isoelectric focusing (IEF) method. The tumoricidal activity of GcMAF-treated macrophage was evaluated after coculture with L-929 cell. The tumoricidal mechanism was investigated using TNF bioassay and nitric oxide (NO) release.

RESULTS: The difference in Gc protein and GcMAF electrophoretic mobility was detected. The tumoricidal activity of GcMAF-treated macrophage was detected, but no release of TNF and NO was detected.

CONCLUSION: The difference of isoelectric focusing mobility in Gc protein and GcMAF would be useful to develop a GcMAF detection method. GcMAF increased macrophage tumoricidal activity but TNF and NO release were not involved in the mechanism.

 

Effects of Vitamin D3-Binding Protein-Derived Macrophage Activating Factor (GcMAF) on Angiogenesis (Abstract, Citationlinks)

Background: The vitamin D3-binding protein (Gc protein)-derived macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) activates tumoricidal macrophages against a variety of cancers indiscriminately. We investigated whether GcMAF also acts as an antiangiogenic factor on endothelial cells. Methods: The effects of GcMAF on angiogenic growth factor-induced cell proliferation, chemotaxis, and tube formation were examined in vitro by using cultured endothelial cells (murine IBE cells, porcine PAE cells, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells [HUVECs]) and in vivo by using a mouse cornea micropocket assay. Blocking monoclonal antibodies to CD36, a receptor for the antiangiogenic factor thrombospondin-1, which is also a possible receptor for GcMAF, were used to investigate the mechanism of GcMAF action.

Results: GcMAF inhibited the endothelial cell proliferation, chemotaxis, and tube formation that were all stimulated by fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), vascular endothelial growth factor-A, or angiopoietin 2. FGF-2-induced neovascularization in murine cornea was also inhibited by GcMAF. Monoclonal antibodies against murine and human CD36 receptor blocked the antiangiogenic action of GcMAF on the angiogenic factor stimulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis.

Conclusions: In addition to its ability to activate tumoricidal macrophages, GcMAF has direct antiangiogenic effects on endothelial cells independent of tissue origin. The antiangiogenic effects of GcMAF may be mediated through the CD36 receptor.

 

The glycosylation of GcMAF: T420

 The vitamin D binding protein, Gc globulin, has in recent years received some attention for its role as precursor for the extremely potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF). An O-linked trisaccharide has been allocated to the threonine residue at position 420 in two of the three most common isoforms of Gc globulin (Gc1s and Gc1f). A substitution for a lysine residue at position 420 in Gc2 prevents this isoform from being glycosylated at that position. It has been suggested that Gc globulin subjected sequentially to sialidase and galactosidase treatment generates GcMAF in the form of Gc globulin with only a single GalNAc attached to T420.

In this study we confirm the location of a linear trisaccharide on T420. Furthermore, we provide the first structural evidence of the generation of the proposed GcMAF by use of glycosidase treatment and mass spectrometry. Additionally the generated GcMAF candidate was tested for its effect on cytokine release from macrophages in human whole blood.

 

GcMAF Enhances Fc-receptor Mediated Rosette Formation but Hardly Affects Superoxide Production in Human Monocytes.

GcMAF has been reported as a potent macrophage activating factor derived from serum Gc protein (Gc globulin). We compared the effects of GcMAF with those of IFN-.GAMMA. on the morphology, superoxide production and Fc-receptor mediated rosette formation of human monocytes from peripheral blood.

As a result, monocytes stimulated by GcMAF showed hardly any effects on morphological changes and superoxide production, but enhanced Fc-receptor mediated rosette formation. On the other hand, treatment of monocytes with IFN-.GAMMA. increased adherent cells and induced morphological changes.

Therefore, superoxide production per cell protein of adherent monocytes treatment with IFN-.GAMMA. was significantly decreased, and slight effects were observed on Fc-receptor mediated rosette formation. These results indicate that effects of GcMAF on human monocytes were different from those of IFN-.GAMMA.

 

Tumor cell alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity and its involvement in GcMAF-related macrophage activation (Abstract)

Alpha-N-acetyl galactosaminidase (alpha-NaGalase) has been reported to accumulate in serum of cancer patients and be responsible for deglycosylation of Gc protein, which is a precursor of GcMAF-mediated macrophage activation cascade, finally leading to immunosuppression in advanced cancer patients.
We studied the biochemical characterization of alpha-NaGalase from several human tumor cell lines. We also examined its effect on the potency of GcMAF to activate mouse peritoneal macrophage to produce superoxide in GcMAF-mediated macrophage activation cascade. The specific activity of alpha-NaGalases from human colon tumor cell line HCT116, human hepatoma cell line HepG2, and normal human liver cells (Chang liver cell line) were evaluated using two types of substrates; GalNAc-alpha-PNP (exo-type substrate) and Gal-beta-GalNAc-alpha-PNP (endo-type substrate).
Tumor-derived alpha-NaGalase having higher activity than normal alpha-NaGalase, had higher substrate specificity to the exo-type substrate than to the endo-type substrate, and still maintained its activity at pH 7. GcMAF enhance superoxide production in mouse macrophage, and pre-treatment of GcMAF with tumor cell lysate reduce the activity.
We conclude that tumor-derived alpha-NaGalase is different in biochemical characterization compared to normal alpha-NaGalase from normal Chang liver cells. In addition, tumor cell-derived alpha-NaGalase decreases the potency of GcMAF on macrophage activation.
 

Lectin Immunoassay for Macrophage-activating Factor (Gc-MAF) Produced by Deglycosylation of Gc-Globulin: Evidence for Noninducible Generation of Gc-MAF

Full article, click "Read More"

 

Serum alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase is associated with diagnosis/prognosis of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix - Abstract

Serum alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (NaGalase) is responsible for the deglycosylation of vitamin D(3)-binding protein (Gc protein). The deglycosylated Gc protein cannot be converted into major macrophage-activating factor (MAF), leading to immunosuppression.

NaGalase is universally detected in a variety of cancer patients, but not in healthy individuals (Cancer Res. 56 (1997) 2827-2831). However, the diagnostic/prognostic utility of NaGalase in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the uterine cervix is not known.

To address this issue, the serum NaGalase was quantitatively determined in 210 patients with different stages of SCC of the uterine cervix. NaGalase levels were increased with the progression of the cancer. After radiotherapy, the increased levels returned toward or to normal levels in early stages (FIGO stage I-IIB) but not in advanced stages (FIGO stage III-IV).

The present study revealed that the amount of NaGalase in the patient's bloodstream reflects the tumor burden and aggressiveness of the disease. We conclude that NaGalase is an independent predictor of diagnosis/prognosis in SCC of the uterine cervix, and therefore suggest that quantitative NaGalase alteration may reflect important differences in the immunological functions of these neoplasms.

 

Evidence for Continuous Basal Generation of Gc-MAF: Absence in Infantile Osteopetrosis and Restoration After Bone Marrow Transplant (Letter)

Full text of a letter to editor, click "Read More" to access. 

 

Anti-tumor Effect of GcMAF on Tumor-Bearing Mice

Cancerous cells secrete ?-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (NaGalase) into the blood stream, resulting in deglycosylation of serum vitamin D3-binding protein (known as Gc protein), which is a precursor for macrophage activating factor (MAF). Incubation of Gc protein with immobilized ?-galactosidase and sialidase generates the most potent macrophage activating factor (designated GcMAF).

Administration of GcMAF to cancer-bearing hosts can bypass the inactivated MAF precursor and act directly on macrophages for efficient activation. Therapeutic effects of GcMAF on Ehrlich ascites tumor-bearing mice were assessed by survival time and serum NaGalase activity, because serum NaGalase activity was proportional to tumor burden.

A single administration of GcMAF (100 pg/mouse) to eight mice on the same day after transplantation of the tumor (5 × 105 cells) showed a mean survival time of 21 ± 3 days for seven mice, with one mouse surviving more than 60 days, whereas tumor-bearing controls had a mean survival time of 13 ± 2 days. Six of the eight mice that received two GcMAF administrations, at Day 0 and Day 4 after transplantation, survived up to 31 ± 4 days whereas, the remaining two mice survived for more than 60 days. Further, six of the eight mice that received three GcMAF administrations with 4-day intervals showed an extended survival of at least 60 days, and serum NaGalase levels were as low as those of control mice throughout the survival period.

The cure with subthreshold GcMAF-treatments (administered once or twice) of tumor-bearing mice appeared to be a consequence of sustained macrophage activation by inflammation resulting from the macrophage-mediated tumoricidal process. Therefore, a protracted macrophage activation induced by a few administrations of minute amounts of GcMAF eradicated the murine ascites tumor
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Defective Lymphocyte Glycosidases in the Macrophage Activation Cascade of Juvilne Osteoporosis

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Effects of inflammation products on immune systems. Lysophosphatidylcholine stimulates macrophages

Microbial infection causes inflammation which stimulates macrophage functions. One of the inflammatory products, lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso-Pc), can stimulate macrophage activities. Treatment of mice with lyso-Pc enhanced spreading and ingestion activities of peritoneal macrophages. In vitro treatment of macrophages with lyso-Pc greatly enhanced spreading but not ingestion activities. However, incubation of a mixture of adherent and nonadherent cells with lyso-Pc produced a markedly enhanced ingestion activity of macrophages, implying the contribution of nonadherent cells to the stimulation of macrophages.

Time course studies of the stimulation of these macrophages showed that spreading activity is stimulated immediately, even 30 min, after their contact with lyso-Pc while induction of ingestion activity requires a latent period of about 5 h. When the specificity of the macrophage receptors for ingestion was analyzed using defined immunoglobulins (i.e., IgG and IgM) with or without complement, lyso-Pc-activated macrophages efficiently ingested IgG-coated sheep erythrocytes independent of complement. However, macrophages of the same lyso-Pc-treated mice did not ingest erythrocytes coated with IgM and complement.

These observations suggest that lyso-Pc-stimulated macrophages ingest the targets via Fc-receptors but not C3b receptors.