Causes of Cancer

Table 1. Acceptance of causes of human cancers.

Cancer	Parasite or Virus	Year accepted

Cholangioma liver cancers	Opisthorchid trematodes	1970
Bladder cancer	Schistosome trematodes	1970
Burkitt's lymphoma	Epstein–Barr virus^† jointly with Plasmodium falciparum	1975
Adult T cell leukaemia	Human T lymphotropic virus I^†	1980
Cervical cancer	Human papilloma virus (HPV)^†	1985
Nasopharyngeal cancer	Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)^†	1990
Liver cancer	Hepatitis B^† & C^† viruses	1995
Kaposi's sarcoma	Human herpesvirus 8^†	1995
Stomach cancer	Helicobacter pylori ^†	2000
Oropharyngeal cancer	HPV^†	2005

^† Persistent viruses. Years of acceptance are approximate because the transition to acceptance generally has been gradual and controversial.

Table 2. Cancers that have been associated with particular parasites or viruses for which a causal role has not yet been generally accepted.

Cancer	Virus or Parasite

Colorectal cancer	Schistosoma japonicum
Liver cancer	Schistosoma japonicum
Merkel cell cancer	Merkel cell polyomavirus^†
Mesothelioma	Simian virus 40 (SV40)^†
Breast cancer	MMTV^†, EBV^†, HPV^†
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia	EBV^†
Hodgkin's lymphoma	EBV^†
Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas	EBV^†, SV40^†
Skin cancers	HPV^†
Oesophageal cancer	HPV^†
Colon cancer	JC virus^†
Ovarian cancer	Unknown retrovirus, EBV^†
Prostrate	XMRV, BK virus^†

^† Known to be persistent viruses. EBV, Epstein–Barr virus; HPV, human papilloma virus; MMTV, mouse mammary tumour virus; JC virus, John Cunningham virus; XMRV, xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus.

Source: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/123320093/HTMLSTART?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0

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